Método Montessori
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El método Montessori "Una ayuda al completo desarrollo de la vida"
Montessori es el método educativo moderno mas difundido en la actualidad en todo el mundo. Promueve que el niño pueda crecer plenamente con una educación personalizada. Ayudando y guiando su desarrollo de forma integral, tanto emocional como intelectual.
El objeto principal del Método Montessori de educación es ayudar en el proceso natural del desarrollo infantil para formar personalidades integrales, es decir, personas responsables, conscientes de sus propias capacidades y limitaciones y que sienten un deber hacia la sociedad.
“Si yo oigo, olvido, si yo oigo y veo, recuerdo, si yo lo hago, aprendo”
La Libertad Libertad que permite el desarrollo espontáneo de las manifestaciones del niño, respetando la de los demás. El Orden El orden externo que el niño absorbe y le permite integrarse a sí mismo formando estructuras
La Independencia Entendida como un desarrollo de la personalidad. Independencia que promueve el adulto ayudandole a hacer cosas que ya puede por sí mismo. El Movimiento El movimiento visto como una necesidad que permite el trabajo, es decir una actividad con un
En el Sistema Montessori se manejan bloques de 3 años, según la edad del niño. Comunidad Infantil: educa a niños de 1 a 3 años. Casa de los Niños: educa a niños de 3 a 6 años. Taller 1: educa a niños de 6 a 9 años. 1o, 2o, y 3o de Primaria. Taller 2: educa a niños de 9 a 12 años. 4o, 5o y 6o de Primaria.
Los niños Montessori son usualmente adaptables. Han aprendido a trabajar independientemente o en grupos. Debido a que desde una corta edad se les ha motivado a tomar decisiones estos niños pueden resolver problemas, escoger alternativas apropiadas y manejar bien su tiempo. Ellos han sido incentivados a intercambiar ideas y a discutir sus trabajos libremente con otros. Sus buenas destrezas comunicativas suavizan el camino en ambientes nuevos.
El propósito básico de este método es liberar el potencial de cada niño para que se autodesarrolle en un ambiente estructurado. El método nació de la idea de ayudar al niño a obtener un desarrollo integral, para lograr un máximo grado en sus capacidades intelectuales, físicas y espirituales, trabajando sobre bases científicas en relación con el desarrollo físico y psíquico del niño. María Montessori basó su método en el trabajo del niño y en la colaboración adulto - niño. Así, la escuela no es lun lugar donde el maestro transmite conocimientos, es un lugar donde la inteligencia y la parte psíquica del niño se desarrollará a través de un trabajo libre con material didáctico especializado. Todo el material utilizado en Montessori, proporciona conocimiento al niño de una manera sistemática, en forma que el orden se hace evidente y se ayuda al niño a analizar el mecanismo y funcionamiento de su trabajo. En el procedimiento total se considera al niño no solo capaz de formarse a sí mismo (autodesarrollarse) y educarse (autoenseñarse) sino que se cre que debe motivársele hacia ambas cosas. Montessori sostenía que era necesario brindar libertad a cada niño para que realiice tareas dirigidas por él mismo en un ambiente atrayante, diseñado y equipado en especial para satisfacer sus necesidades. La maestra o "directora" como la llamaba Montessori, proporciona el medio atrayente e incitante para que el niño actúe directamente sobre él, y asegura que este ambiente se mantenga en forma adecuada. La directora, entonces, prepara el ambiente y protege el proceso de aprendizaje. ¿Por qué Montessori?Maria Montessori dijo, “Ningún ser humano es educado por otra persona. Cada persona debe hacerlo por si misma o nunca se hará. Un individuo verdaderamente educado sigue aprendiendo mucho después de las horas y años que pasa en el salón de clase, porque la curiosidad y el amor natural por el saber lo motiva desde su interior.” Ella creía que el objetivo de la educación temprana debería ser cultivar en el niño su propio deseo natural de aprender. Para alcanzar ésto, el ambiente preparado del salón de clases está provisto de materiales concretos y activos en las áreas de la Vida Práctica, Sensorial, Lenguaje, Ciencia, Matemáticas, Geografía, Arte y Cultura. Los niños aprenden a base de su interés y se mueven a su propio ritmo, bajo la supervisión del personal capacitado. Las lecciones de Gracia y Cortesía forman una parte integral del salón de clase y se refuerzan las habilidades de comunicación y de resolución de problemas. Maria Montessori's lifeMaria Montessori was the first woman physician in Italy. Shortly after completing medical school, she worked with "hopelessly mentally deficient" children. She designed materials for them to work with and showed them how to use them. The children showed great changes, some of them even passing exams for public schools. Dr. Montessori wondered what would happen if so-called "normal" children were given the same opportunities. In 1906, she was asked to direct a "day care center" in a slum in Rome. The children ranged in age from about 2 1/2 to 6 and were left alone while their parents went to work in factories. She called it "Casa Dei Bambini" or the Children's House. She used similar materials to the ones she used with the "deficient" children. She made these observations:
The children and their parents asked Dr. Montessori to teach the children how to read. At first she thought that they were too young. As they continued to insist, she began to teach them the sounds of the letters and encouraged them to trace letters made from sandpaper. After several months, the children began to write. After several more months, the children began to read. Word about the school spread, and Maria began speaking throughout Europe, then in India, then in the US. She taught teachers her methods and helped them start schools. She observed the same type of spontaneous behaviors in children all over the world. The Montessori method is continuing to grow all around the world to this day. The Age Groups Maria Montessori observed that human development tends to follow 3-year cycles. Accordingly, Montessori classes tend to be grouped with reference to the period of development. Parenting classes are available so that parents may provide Montessori environments for their newborn to 3-year old (and beyond). Toddler classes are available for children 18 months to 3 years. The normal "preschool" class is made up of children ages 3 through 6. The early elementary is for children ages 6-9; the upper elementary for ages 9-12. The Erdkinder ("children of the earth") which Maria Montessori began developing before her death is aimed at the 12-15-year old. Schools for 15-18-year olds have begun to show up. In all cases, the ideal class is made up of the age range of children instead of the single-aged groupings to which we are accustomed in North America. Sensitive PeriodsThe Sensitive Periods are the cornerstone of Montessori education for young children. After observing and gathering information for 21 years, Maria Montessori formulated her scientific theory on Sensitive Periods. Her insights have been confirmed by modern research in education and psychology. Sensitive Periods are a specific, limited time when the child shows a strong attraction to a particular aspect in the environment. The activity the child is drawn to inherently aids the child in her physical, mental or emotional development. This stage lasts only a certain length of time, then disappears when the skill has been acquired. Some Sensitive Periods are longer, some shorter, some run parallel, some overlap, some succeed each other. During a Sensitive Period, the child learns this skill/knowledge with the greatest ease and to the greatest perfection. We must recognize this as a natural and powerful motivator for learning; the child's activity should not be pre-determined by the adult or an arbritrary school schedule. The adult can recognize a Sensitive Period by the child's intense desire for a particular activity. If the child is left free to participate in the activity, she will work repeatedly and with deep concentration. If she is not interrupted, she can develop tremendous powers of concentration during this activity. The Absorbent Mind and the Sensitive Periods work together: the Absorbent Mind does not discriminate what it takes in; the Sensitive Periods give the Absorbent Mind direction. The Sensitive Period reaches out; the Absorbent Mind takes it in. The Sensitive Periods are:
1.
Language
(3 months - 5 years; however, recent research shows that babies begin
absorbing language inutero)
2.
Order
(6 months - 5 years, however, strongest around 2 - 2 1/2)
3.
Noticing Small Details
(2 - 4 1/2 yrs)
4.
Refinement of the Senses
(birth - 5 yrs)
5.
Coordination of Movement
(2 1/2 - 4 1/2 yrs)
6.
Learning Manners
(3 - 6 yrs) There are also Sensitive Periods in later years' development, but they are fewer and not as clearly defined. In the Second Plane of Development (6 - 12 yrs), there are sensitive periods for imagination and reasoning. Spark their imagination with stories that tell the children about history, science, etc. Give bits of information so that their interest is captured, and they will use their reasoning skills to research and found out more about that particular topic. This is also a time of strong peer identity. Children want to be just like their friends. In a Montessori elementary classroom, there is much group work, thus promoting the idea that every individual is important to the group. There is also a great moral awareness at this stage. They have a rising consciousness of right and wrong, fair and unfair. They have a need to know the rules and also love to help establish rules. In the Third Plane of Development (12 - 18 yrs), children are becoming more aware of the role of the individual within society. Hero-worship is very common, mostly athletes and rock stars. The adults in their lives should encourage them to expand their interests to include people from history, for example. The Fourth Plane of Development (18 -24 yrs) is focused mainly on choosing and establishing a career. Sensitive Periods are not directly visible. But we can determine when a child is in a Sensitive Period through careful observation. There is a special kind of energy that drives a child to repeat and repeat until their need is satisfied. When that skill is mastered, the child experiences great satisfaction and joy. Acquiring a skill after the Sensitive Period has passed is not as natural, so it is usually more difficult (think of learning a foreign language). As educators, we must understand that we do not design the plan for development, so we should not design an arbitrary educational curriculum. We must make full use of the child's natural and spontaneous desire to learn during the Sensitive Periods. The Montessori Method by Maria Montessori--read it online on http://www.moteaco.com/method/method.html Excerpt from Montessori Made Easy: THE BASICS by S.V. Wilhelmi:
Links : Montessori
"Una ayuda al completo desarrollo de la vida" Links and Resources: recommended by Teresa MONTESSORI HOMESCHOOLING Created by and for homeschooling families http://www.montessori.edu/homeschooling.html Montessori at Home Page http://www.montessori-at-home.com/ Curriculum Connections by JMJPublishing --- Excelent Curriculum, Links, Lessons … Montessori Homeschooling supplemented with other resources --- Excelent http://www.jmjpublishing.com/FAQ.htm Montessori For All http://members.shaw.ca/montessori4all/ Montessori Materials --- Materials free to copy http://www.montessorimaterials.org Montessori Mom Montessori Curriculum by Moteaco ----Excelent and Printable http://www.moteaco.com/albums.html
1. From the Green Valley School http://www.greenvalleyschool.com/curriculum.php
3. Green Mountain Montessori School--activities and exercises for ages 3-6 http://www.gmmontessori.com/activitiesandexercises/ 4. Woodland Hill Montessori School (formerly Montessori School of Albany)--Scope and Sequence for ages 3-12 http://www.woodlandhill.org/curriculum.htm 5. Notre Dame de Sion--Curriculum for Pre-K through gr. 8 http://www.ndsion.edu/academics.asp?pgID=689 6. Utica Community Schools--Curriculum for Pre-K and K (1 page) http://www.macomb.k12.mi.us/utica/lrn_link/ele_09/page1.htm 7. Utica Community Schools--Curriculum for grades 1 & 2 (3 pages) http://www.macomb.k12.mi.us/utica/lrn_link/ele_10/page1.htm 8. Utica Community Schools--Curriculum for grades 3 & 4 (3 pages) http://www.macomb.k12.mi.us/utica/lrn_link/ele_11/page1.htm 9. Utica Community Schools--Curriculum for grades 5 & 6 (3 pages) http://www.macomb.k12.mi.us/utica/lrn_link/ele_12/page1.htm 10. Shu-Chen Jenny Yen's Montessori Albums--ages 3-6 http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfsjy/mts/_link.htm 11. Montessori World Educational Institute--detailed information and lessons for the 3-6 level http://montessoriworld.org/ 12. Montessori Teacher's Collective--early elementary (age 6-9); includes albums and lots more http://www.moteaco.com/ Referencias: Este texto fue tomado de los enlaces de Internet antes mencionados. |
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